Ada 95 Quality and Style Guide                      Appendix A

APPENDIX A: Map From
Ada 95 Reference Manual to Guidelines

In This Appendix:

1. General
2. Lexical Elements
3. Declarations & Types
4. Names & Expressions
5. Statements
6. Subprograms
7. Packages
8. Visibility Rules
9. Tasks & Sychronization
10. Program Structure & Compilation Issues
11. Exceptions
12. Generic Units
13. Representation Issues
Annexes
A. Predefined Language Environment
B. Interface to Other Languages
C. Systems Programming
D. Real-Time Systems
E. Distributed Systems
F. Information Systems
G. Numerics
H. Safety & Security
J. Obsolescent Features
K-O - Language-Defeined Attributes to Syntax Summary

1. General

1.1 Scope 1.1.1 Extent
1.1.2 Structure 7.1.7
1.1.3 Conformity of an Implementation With the Standard 7.1.6,7.6.5
1.1.4 Method of Description and Syntax Notation 2.1.2, 2.1.8
1.1.5 Classification of Errors 5.9
1.2 Normative References
1.3 Definitions

2. Lexical Elements 2.1 Character Set
2.2 Lexical Elements, Separators, and Delimiters 2.1.1
2.3 Identifiers 3.1.1, 3.1.3, 3.1.4, 3.2, 5.2.1, 5.5.4, 8.1.1, 8.1.2
2.4 Numeric Literals 3.1.2, 3.2.6
2.4.1 Decimal Literals
2.4.2 Based Literals 3.1.2
2.5 Character Literals 3.2.6
2.6 String Literals 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.4, 3.2.6
2.7 Comments 2.1.4, 2.1.7, 3.3, 5.2.1, 5.6.7, 5.6.8, 7.1.3, 7.1.5, 7.2.5, 8.2.3, 8.3.6
2.8 Pragmas 8.4.3, 10.7
2.9 Reserved Words 3.1.3

3. Declarations and Types 2.1.4, 2.1.6, 2.1.8, 4.1.5, 5.3


3.1 Declarations 2.1.4, 3.2.1
3.2 Types and Subtypes 3.2.2, 3.4.1, 4.1.7, 7.2.1, 7.2.6, 8.1, 8.2.3, 8.2.4
3.2.1 Type Declarations 2.1.4, 3.3.5, 5.3.2
3.2.2 Subtype Declarations 2.1.4, 3.3.5, 5.3.1, 5.4.1, 5.5.1, 5.6.3, 5.7.2, 7.2.6, 10.5.4, 10.6.6
3.2.3 Classification of Operations
3.3 Objects and Named Numbers 3.2.3, 3.2.6, 4.1.7, 8.2.1
3.3.1 Object Declarations 2.1.4, 3.3.5, 4.1.8, 5.9.6, 6.1.1, 6.1.4
3.3.2 Number Declarations 2.1.4, 3.3.4
3.4 Derived Types and Classes 3.4.1, 5.3.1, 7.2.6
3.4.1 Derivation Classes 9.3.2

3.5 Scalar Types 3.4.1, 5.3.1, 5.5.1, 8.2.4
3.5.1 Enumeration Types 2.1.4, 3.4.2, 5.6.3, 5.7.1
3.5.2 Character Types
3.5.3 Boolean Types 2.1.3, 3.2.3
3.5.4 Integer Types 5.4.8, 7.1.2, 7.2.1, 7.2.4, 7.2.5, 10.6.3
3.5.5 Operations of Discrete Types
3.5.6 Real Types 7.1.2, 5.5.6, 7.2.4, 7.2.5
3.5.7 Floating Point Types 7.2.1, 7.2.2, 7.2.3, 7.2.4
3.5.8 Operations of Floating Point Types
3.5.9 Fixed Point Types 7.1.2, 7.2.1, 7.2.4
3.5.10 Operations of Fixed Point Types

3.6 Array Types 5.3.2, 5.5.1, 5.5.2, 8.2.2, 8.3.5, 10.4.1, 10.4.2, 10.4.4, 10.5.5
3.6.1 Index Constraints and Discrete Ranges 5.5.2, 10.4.1, 10.4.2, 10.4.4
3.6.2 Operations of Array Types 5.5.1, 5.5.2, 5.6.2
3.6.3 String Types 2.1.1

3.7 Discriminants 5.3.2, 5.4.1, 5.4.7, 6.1.3
3.7.1 Discriminant Constraints 5.4.1
3.7.2 Operations of Discriminated Types

3.8 Record Types 2.1.2, 5.4.2, 5.4.3, 5.4.4, 5.4.5, 10.4.3, 10.4.4
3.8.1 Variant Parts and Discrete Choices 5.4.3, 9.3.5

3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions 5.4.3, 6.1.8, 8.3.8, 8.4.8, 9
3.9.1 Type Extensions 5.3.1, 5.4.4, 9.2.1, 10.6.1
3.9.2 Dispatching Operations of Tagged Types 5.3.4, 9.2.2, 9.3.1, 9.3.2, 9.3.4, 9.3.5, 10.5.8
3.9.3 Abstract Types and Subprograms 9.2.4, 9.3.1, 9.3.3

3.10 Access Types 5.3.4, 5.4.6, 5.4.5, 5.9.2, 5.9.3, 5.9.6, 6.1.5, 7.6.6, 7.7.3, 8.4.6
3.10.1 Incomplete Type Declarations 5.4.5
3.10.2 Operations of Access Types 7.3.2

3.11 Declarative Parts 2.1.4, 5.9.6
3.11.1 Completions of Declarations

4. Names and Expressions


4.1 Names 3.2, 8.1.1, 8.1.2 4.1.1 Indexed Components
4.1.2 Slices 5.6.2
4.1.3 Selected Components
4.1.4 Attributes 8.2.4

4.2 Literals 8.2.4
4.3 Aggregates

4.3.1 Record Aggregates 5.6.10, 10.4.5
4.3.2 Extension Aggregates 10.4.5
4.3.3 Array Aggregates

4.4 Expressions 2.1.1, 2.1.3, 2.1.5, 5.5, 5.5.3, 7.2.6, 7.2.7, 10.5.1
4.5 Operators and Expression Evaluation 2.1.1, 2.1.3, 5.5.3, 5.7.1, 5.7.2, 5.7.4, 7.2.6
4.5.1 Logical Operators and Short-Circuit Control Forms 5.4.8, 5.5.4, 5.5.5, 10.5.2, 10.5.7, 10.6.3
4.5.2 Relational Operators and Membership Tests 2.1.1, 5.7.5, 7.2.7, 7.3.2
4.5.3 Binary Adding Operators 2.1.3, 5.7.4
4.5.4 Unary Adding Operators
4.5.5 Multiplying Operators 2.1.3
4.5.6 Highest Precedence Operators 5.5.3

4.6 Type Conversions 5.9.1
4.7 Qualified Expressions
4.8 Allocators 5.4.5, 6.1.5, 7.6.6
4.9 Static Expressions and Static Subtypes 3.2.6, 8.2.1
4.9.1 Statically Matching Constraints and Subtypes

5. Statements 2.1.2, 2.1.6, 2.1.8, 3.3.6, 5.6


5.1 Simple and Compound Statements-Sequences of Statements 2.1.2, 2.1.8, 5.6.1
5.2 Assignment Statements 2.1.3, 5.6.2, 10.5.6
5.3 If Statements 2.1.2, 2.1.5, 3.3.7, 5.6.1, 5.6.3, 5.6.5, 10.5.2, 10.5.3, 10.5.6, 10.5.8
5.4 Case Statements 2.1.2, 3.3.7, 5.6.1, 5.6.3, 10.5.3
5.5 Loop Statements 2.1.2, 5.1.1, 5.5.1, 5.6.1, 5.6.2, 5.6.4, 5.6.6, 7.4.2
5.6 Block Statements 3.3.7, 5.1.2, 5.6.1, 5.6.9, 5.8.4, 10.3.1
5.7 Exit Statements 5.1.1, 5.1.3, 5.6.4, 5.6.5
5.8 Goto Statements 5.6.7, 5.8.1

6. Subprograms 2.1.1, 3.2.5, 4.1.3, 4.1.4, 4.1.7, 4.3.1, 5.9.6


6.1 Subprogram Declarations 2.1.2, 3.2.5, 3.3.3, 4.1.1, 4.1.5, 4.1.7, 4.2.1, 4.3.1, 5.2.1, 5.2.3, 5.3.2, 5.6.6, 7.1.3, 7.1.4
6.2 Formal Parameter Modes 2.1.5, 5.2.4, 7.1.8
6.3 Subprogram Bodies 2.1.2, 2.1.7, 3.3.4, 3.3.7, 5.1.4, 10.7.1
6.3.1 Conformance Rules
6.3.2 Inline Expansion of Subprograms 10.7.1

6.4 Subprogram Calls 2.1.1, 4.1.4, 5.2.2, 5.6.6, 7.1.9

6.4.1 Parameter Associations 5.2.2, 5.2.3

6.5 Return Statements 5.6.8
6.6 Overloading of Operators 4.2.1, 5.7.3, 5.7.5, 8.2.5

7. Packages 2.1.2, 4.1.5, 4.1.7, 4.2.1, 4.3, 7.1.5


7.1 Package Specifications and Declarations 2.1.7, 3.2.5, 3.3.3, 4.1.1, 4.1.8, 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.2.4, 4.3.1,5.1.4, 6.1.1, 7.1.3, 7.1.5, 8.1, 8.2.6, 8.3.1
7.2 Package Bodies 2.1.7, 3.3.4, 4.1.1, 4.2.1, 4.2.3, 4.3.1, 5.1.4, 5.9.1, 6.1.1
7.3 Private Types and Private Extensions 5.3.3
7.3.1 Private Operations

7.4 Deferred Constants
7.5 Limited Types 5.3.3, 5.7.5, 8.3.5
7.6 User-Defined Assignment and Finalization 5.3.3, 5.4.5, 8.3.1, 9.2.3

7.6.1 Completion and Finalization 5.9.8, 5.9.10

8. Visibility Rules 4.2, 5.7


8.1 Declarative Region 4.2.3
8.2 Scope of Declarations 4.1.8, 4.2.3, 7.6.6
8.3 Visibility 4.1.4, 4.1.5, 4.2.1, 4.2.3, 5.7.1, 5.7.3, 5.7.4, 5.7.5
8.4 Use Clauses 5.6.9, 5.7.1, 5.7.2
8.5 Renaming Declarations 3.4.1
8.5.1 Object Renaming Declarations 5.6.9, 5.7.2
8.5.2 Exception Renaming Declarations 5.7.2
8.5.3 Package Renaming Declarations 5.7.1
8.5.4 Subprogram Renaming Declarations 5.7.2
8.5.5 Generic Renaming Declarations

8.6 The Context of Overload Resolution 5.7.3, 5.7.4, 5.7.5, 8.2.5, 9.3.4

9. Tasks and Synchronization 4.1.9, 4.2.4, 6, 6.1, 7.4


9.1 Task Units and Task Objects 2.1.7, 3.2.5, 3.3.7, 5.1.4, 6.1.2, 6.1.4, 6.1.5, 6.1.6, 6.2.1, 6.3.4, 7.1.3, 8.4.3
9.2 Task Execution-Task Activation 6.1.2, 6.1.5, 6.1.6, 6.1.7, 6.3.2, 7.4.1, 7.4.2, 7.4.5, 8.2.6
9.3 Task Dependence-Termination of Tasks 6.1.2, 6.2.3, 6.3
9.4 Protected Units and Protected Objects 4.1.10, 5.9.9, 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.1.4, 6.1.5, 6.1.6, 6.1.8, 6.2.1, 10.6.2
9.5 Intertask Communication 4.1.10, 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.2
9.5.1 Protected Subprograms and Protected Actions 4.1.10, 5.9.9, 6.1.1, 6.2
9.5.2 Entries and Accept Statements 3.2.5, 4.3.1, 5.1.4, 5.2.1, 5.2.4, 5.6.1, 5.9.4, 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.1.6, 6.2, 6.2.1, 6.3.1, 6.3.2, 6.3.4, 7.4.5, 7.4.7
9.5.3 Entry Calls 3.2.5, 4.3.1, 5.1.4, 5.2.1, 5.2.4, 5.6.1, 5.9.4, 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.1.6, 6.2, 6.3.1, 6.3.2, 6.3.5, 7.4.5, 7.4.7
9.5.4 Requeue Statements

9.6 Delay Statements, Duration, and Time 6.1.7, 6.2.5, 7.1.2, 7.4.2, 7.4.3
9.7 Select Statements 2.1.2, 5.6.1, 6.2.1, 6.2.6, 6.3.4

9.7.1 Selective Accept 5.9.10, 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.2.4, 6.2.5, 6.3.2, 6.3.4, 7.4.4
9.7.2 Timed Entry Calls 4.2.4, 6.1.7, 6.2.5
9.7.3 Conditional Entry Calls 4.2.4, 6.2.5
9.7.4 Asynchronous Transfer of Control

9.8 Abort of a Task-Abort of a Sequence of Statements 5.9.10, 6.3.3, 7.4.6
9.9 Task and Entry Attributes 6.2.3
9.10 Shared Variables 6.1.1, 6.2.4, 7.4.7
9.11 Example of Tasking and Synchronization 4.1.10, 6.1.1, 6.1.2

10. Program Structure and Compilation Issues 4.1.1, 8.4.1


10.1 Separate Compilation
10.1.1 Compilation Units-Library Units 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.4, 4.1.1, 4.1.6, 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 7.1.4, 8.4
10.1.2 Context Clauses-With Clauses 2.1.2, 4.2.1, 4.2.3, 8.2.6, 8.4.2, 8.4.3
10.1.3 Subunits of Compilation Units 4.1.1, 4.2.3
10.1.4 The Compilation Process
10.1.5 Pragmas and Program Units 4.1.2
10.1.6 Environment-Level Visibility Rules

10.2 Program Execution 7.1.4

10.2.1 Elaboration Control 8.4.3

11. Exceptions 4.3, 5.8, 7.5


11.1 Exception Declarations 3.3.5, 4.3.1, 5.4.5, 7.5.2
11.2 Exception Handlers 2.1.2, 4.3.1, 5.6.9, 5.8.1, 5.8.2, 5.8.3, 5.8.4, 6.2.2, 6.3.1, 6.3.4, 7.5.2, 8.2.7, 10.5.4
11.3 Raise Statements 4.3.1, 7.5.2, 8.2.3, 8.2.7
11.4 Exception Handling 4.3.1, 5.8.1, 5.8.2, 5.8.3, 5.8.4, 6.2.2, 6.3.4, 7.5, 8.2.7
11.4.1 The Package Exceptions 5.8.4
11.4.2 Example of Exception Handling 4.3.1

11.5 Suppressing Checks 5.9.5
11.6 Exceptions and Optimization

12. Generic Units


12.1 Generic Declarations 2.1.2, 3.2.5, 4.2.2, 8.1.1, 8.1.2, 8.1.3, 8.3.1, 8.3.2, 8.3.4, 8.3.5, 8.3.6, 8.4.2, 8.4.4
12.2 Generic Bodies 8.2.7
12.3 Generic Instantiation 2.1.2, 3.2.5, 5.2.2, 8.1.1, 8.2.4, 8.2.5, 8.3.2, 8.3.7, 8.4.2, 8.4.3, 8.4.5, 9.5
12.4 Formal Objects 8.2.4, 8.2.6
12.5 Formal Types 8.2.2, 8.3.4, 8.3.5
12.5.1 Formal Private and Derived Types 5.3.3, 8.3.5
12.5.2 Formal Scalar Types
12.5.3 Formal Array Types 8.2.2
12.5.4 Formal Access Types

12.6 Formal Subprograms
12.7 Formal Packages 8.4.2
12.8 Example of a Generic Package

13. Representation Issues 4.1.5, 7.6


13.1 Representation Items 5.4.5, 5.9.4, 7.6.1
13.2 Pragma Pack 10.5.7
13.3 Representation Attributes 5.9.4, 7.2.3, 7.3.1
13.4 Enumeration Representation Clauses 3.4.2, 7.6.1
13.5 Record Layout
13.5.1 Record Representation Clauses 2.1.2, 7.6.1
13.5.2 Storage Place Attributes
13.5.3 Bit Ordering

13.6 Change of Representation 7.6.1
13.7 The Package System 5.9.4, 7.4.3, 7.6.2

13.7.1 The Package System.Storage_Elements
13.7.2 The Package System.Address_To_Access_Conversions

13.8 Machine Code Insertions 7.1.5, 7.6.3
13.9 Unchecked Type Conversions 5.9.1, 7.6.8

13.9.1 Data Validity
13.9.2 The Valid Attribute

13.10 Unchecked Access Value Creation 5.9.3, 7.6.7
13.11 Storage Management

13.11.1 The Max_Size_In_Storage_Elements Attribute
13.11.2 Unchecked Storage Deallocation 5.4.5, 5.9.2, 7.3.3, 7.6.6
13.11.3 Pragma Controlled

13.12 Pragma Restrictions
13.13 Streams

13.13.1 The Package Streams
13.13.2 Stream-Oriented Attributes

13.14 Freezing Rules

Annexes

A. Predefined Language Environment 3.4.1, 5.7.1, 6.1.7, 7.1.2, 7.1.6, 7.2.1, 7.5.1, 7.6.3


A.1 The Package Standard 3.2.2, 3.4.1, 7.2.1, 7.4.3
A.2 The Package Ada
A.3 Character Handling
A.4 String Handling 8.4.7, 10.6.4, 10.6.5
A.5 The Numerics Packages
A.6 Input-Output 7.7
A.7 External Files and File Objects 7.7.1, 7.7.2
A.8 Sequential and Direct Files 5.9.7, 7.7.1, 7.7.3
A.9 The Generic Package Storage_IO
A.10 Text Input-Output 3.2.2, 4.2.2
A.11 Wide Text Input-Output
A.12 Stream Input-Output 7.7.4
A.13 Exceptions in Input-Output
A.14 File Sharing
A.15 The Package Command_Line 7.1.4, 7.6.9

B. Interface to Other Languages 7.1.5, 7.6.4, 7.6.8


B.1 Interfacing Pragmas
B.2 The Package Interfaces
B.3 Interfacing With C
B.4 Interfacing With COBOL
B.5 Interfacing With FORTRAN

C. Systems Programming 7.1.7, 7.6.3


C.1 Access to Machine Operations
C.2 Required Representation Support
C.3 Interrupt Support 4.1.9, 5.9.4, 6.1.1, 6.1.3
C.4 Preelaboration Requirements
C.5 Pragma Discard_Names
C.6 Shared Variable Control
C.7 Task Identification and Attributes

D. Real-Time Systems 7.1.7, 10.6.7


D.1 Task Priorities 6.1.6, 7.4.5, 8.4.3
D.2 Priority Scheduling 4.1.2, 6.1.6
D.3 Priority Ceiling Locking 4.1.2, 6.1.6
D.4 Entry Queuing Policies 4.1.2
D.5 Dynamic Priorities 6.1.6
D.6 Preemptive Abort
D.7 Tasking Restrictions
D.8 Monotonic Time 6.1.7
D.9 Delay Accuracy 6.1.8
D.10 Synchronous Task Control 6.1.2
D.11 Asynchronous Task Control 6.1.2
D.12 Other Optimizations and Determinism Rules

E. Distributed Systems 7.1.7


E.1 Partitions
E.2 Categorization of Library Units
E.3 Consistency of a Distributed System
E.4 Remote Subprogram Calls
E.5 Partition Communication Subsystem

F. Information Systems 7.1.7


F.1 Machine_Radix Attribute Definition Clause
F.2 The Package Decimal 7.2.8
F.3 Edited Output for Decimal Types 8.3.7

G. Numerics 7.1.7, 7.2.2, 7.2.3


G.1 Complex Arithmetic
G.2 Numeric Performance Requirements

H. Safety and Security 7.1.7


H.1 Pragma Normalize_Scalars 4.1.2
H.2 Documentation of Implementation Decisions
H.3 Reviewable Object Code
H.4 Safety and Security Restrictions

J. Obsolescent Features 7.1.1


J.1 Renamings of Ada 83 Library Units
J.2 Allowed Replacements of Characters
J.3 Reduced Accuracy Subtypes
J.4 The Constrained Attribute
J.5 ASCII
J.6 Numeric_Error
J.7 At Clauses 5.9.4
J.8 Mod Clauses
J.9 The Storage_Size Attribute

K. Language-Defined Attributes 3.2.6, 3.4.2, 5.3.3, 5.5.1, 5.5.2, 6.2.3, 8.2.4

L. Language-Defined Pragmas 4.1.5, 5.9.5, 6.1.6, 6.2.4, 7.4.5, 7.4.7, 7.6.4, 10.7.1, 10.7.2, 10.7.3, 10.7.4, 10.7.5, 10.7.6, 10.7.7

M. Implementation-Defined Characteristics 4.1.5, 5.4.2, 7.1.2, 7.1.3, 7.1.5, 7.1.6, 7.2.1, 7.2.4, 7.4.3, 7.6.2, 7.6.3, 7.6.5, 7.6.9

N. Glossary

O. Syntax Summary